ISHANGO MILELE

PARTAGE DU SAVOIR POUR LA PAIX
La Fondation ISHANGO MILELE encourage et stimule la sensibilisation et la compréhension des jeunes de l'importance de la science et de la technologie en tant que force d'harmonie et de progrès. Il le fait en célébrant les réalisations et les efforts créatifs de l'Afrique dans les domaines de la science, de la technologie et des arts. Elle fait prendre conscience de l'Afrique et de sa place dans le monde moderne, en s'appuyant sur sa contribution au progrès à travers les âges ainsi que sur le génie et la créativité de ses habitants d'aujourd'hui.

La Fondation ISHANGO MILELE est une structure associative, au service de sa symbolique "ISHANGO" et de ses valeurs, unissant les actions de nombreuses associations culturelles et scientifiques, en vue de partager les connaissances et les valeurs globalement, pour que la paix prévale. L’objectif de la Fondation ISHANGO MILELE est d’envoyer des signaux forts, transcendant la cacophonie actuelle de la corruption et de souligner les nombreuses initiatives existantes et en cours. À cette fin, la Fondation ISHANGO MILELE organise des événements et des réunions, communiquant les initiatives à toutes les parties prenantes impliquées dans ce progrès, en utilisant le nom de "ISHANGO" dans toutes ses composantes. La Fondation ISHANGO MILELE est l’incubateur de nombreuses initiatives, avec plusieurs partenaires en France, au Mali, au Burkina Faso, en Nouvelle Guinée, en République Démocratique du Congo, aux USA, au Canada, en Grèce, où «Le partage des connaissances pour la paix» peut progresser indéfiniment.

La Fondation ISHANGO MILELE est une division de SOLIDUS UNIT, une organisation à but non lucratif et de CLANiC, le plus grand réseau de prestataires de formation professionnelle en Belgique regroupant 120 organisations à but non lucratif, 12 associations internationales, 12 fondations privées et 3 fondations publiques. https://clanic.org

La Fondation ISHANGO MILELE fait partie de SOLIDUS UNIT, une association dont l’objectif est de mettre en œuvre des actions citoyennes et d’aider les personnes en difficulté sociale et professionnelle. La philosophie de SOLIDUS UNIT est utilisée dans un souci de responsabilité et d’équité entre le travailleur et le consommateur.

THE CARVED ISHANGO BONE
WHAT IS IT?

Among the millions of objects discovered at Ishango by Jean de Heinzelin’s team, some are more interesting than others. One in particular has been in the spotlight and become a star of African archaeology- the carved Ishango bone.

It is known as ‘the Ishango Bone’. It is an object made from a piece of quartz and a bone handle. Its structure alone makes it a remarkable object, as there are very few surviving prehistoric composite tools. The very fine quartz at one end could have been used for precise work, such as the ritual scarification of skin, for example. The bone handle has been narrowed, scraped, polished and engraved, so we can no longer tell what kind of bone it is, although we do know it belonged to a mammal.

What is so interesting about it?
Hypotheses The Ishango Bone’s handle is its claim to fame, because the decoration has been raising questions about its possible meaning since its discovery. The handle is carved with 168 parallel marks. These lines are positioned in groups of parallel lines split into columns on three sides of the handle.

Hypotheses
The Ishango Bone’s handle is its claim to fame, because the decoration has been raising questions about its possible meaning since its discovery. The handle is carved with 168 parallel marks. These lines are positioned in groups of parallel lines split into columns on three sides of the handle. Jean de Heinzelin established the hypothesis that this group of lines represented numbers. In several historic periods it was common to write numbers using lines. From there Heinzelin looked for a possible mathematical connection to link these different numbers. What he found led him to believe that the bone was proof of advanced mathematics, unprecedented for such an early period. Here are some observations and interpretations expressed by Jean de Heinzelin in his 1957 article on the Ishango site:

Central Column
The central column shows a number and its double: three and six, four and eight, five and ten, and two numbers that do not fit this pattern (five and seven).

Right Column
From this side the numbers could have a link with the number ten, a well-known number base. Therefore we have:

• 11 = 10 + 1 
• 21 = 20 + 1 
• 19 = 20 – 1 
• 9 = 10 - 1

Left Column
The Ishangoans would have known that eleven, thirteen, seventeen and nineteen are the prime numbers between ten and twenty. A prime number is a number that can only be divided by two numbers: itself and one.

-Other researchers have shared their interpretations of the marks:
The mathematicians Dirk Huylebrouk and Vladimir Pletser looked into Jean de Heinzelin’s ideas about number notation, and came to the conclusion that the bone was a kind of sliding scale which involved variations of the three and four base numbers, and by extension of base number twelve (3x4). However, they concluded that there was not enough proof to confirm an understanding of prime numbers.

Alexander Marshack, a Harvard archaeologist, also believes it is a system of number notation, but one which is related to the lunar calendar.

Olivier Keller, another mathematician, cautions against the temptation to project our modern culture of viewing numbers everywhere onto the bone. In his opinion, it is a habit that prevents the viewer from noticing other forms of symbols, those which are present in a range of media (on bones, stones and cave art) from the Upper Palaeolithic era and which also deserve a thorough investigation.

Interesting isn’t it?
Especially when you keep in mind that it’s 25,000 years old…
If one day one of the mathematical hypotheses is confirmed, it means that Palaeolithic humans already had a well-developed understanding of mathematics. This raises yet more questions: what did they use it for? Why did they mix several calculation bases? Was this knowledge shared among all of them? Was it used by fishermen?

Even today, the Ishango site still has not revealed all of its secrets; the Semliki Valley still hides other prehistoric sites. This region of Africa has been inhabited by Homo sapiens sapiens for at least 100,000 years. We still lack a lot of information to truly understand the ancient Ishangoans’ lifestyle, settlement and way of thinking.

Therefore, sooner or later, archaeologists must return to the banks of Lake Edward to complete the puzzle that was started in the fifties. No doubt, the missing pieces are still hidden in the ground…


Created By: Association pour la Diffusion de l’Information archéologique (ADIA)
Royal Belgian Institute of Natural Sciences (RBINS)

MFUPA YA ISHANGO
MFUPA ULIOSIMIKWA PA ISHANGO UNAAMANISHI NINI ?

Kati ya milioni ya vyombo vilivyo tambuliwa na timu la bwana Jean de Heinzelin pa Ishango, kuna vyenye kustusha kuliko vingine. Kwa namna ya upekee, kuna chombo kimoja kilichovuta mawazo yake na kuwa chanzo cha mafunzo ya historia ya Africa, yaani : MFUPA ULIOSIMIKWA PA ISHANGO.

Kulingana na mila, uitwa « fimbo ya Ishango ». Ni chombo yenye kuchongoka inayounganishwa na kopo pamoja na mti wa mfupa. Kwa hiyo, chombo hicho ni cha upekee pamoja na vingine vilivyolindwa kwa utafiti wa historia, kwani kwa kawaida havizowee kupatikana. Kopo hiyo iliyo laini yenye kupatikana huko pembeni, ilisaidia kwa kuhakikisha kazi iliyo fanyika, kama vile kwa mfano kuchanja mwili (yaani ngozi).

Mfupa unaopatikana kwenye mti, ulipaliliwa, kwa ginsi si kwepesi kutambua vizuri asili yake. Hakika, ilikuwa myama anayekuwa na maziwa kifuani mwake.

Sasa, ni jambo gani linalo stusha ?
Ni mti wa chombo hicho uliyo tambulisha mfupa huo, kwani mapambo yake yazaa na kuendelea kuzaa maulizo mengi kuhusu samani yake kamili. Mti huo una vipimo sehemu kwa ndondogo mia moja na makumi sita na mnane kwa ngambo mbili. Vipimo hivyo vidogo vidogo vinakusanywa ngambo mbili yenye kugawanywa kwa nguzo tatu yenye kupatikana pembeni ya fimbo.

Wazo lenye kutarajiwa
Bwana Jean de Heinzelin alifikiria ya kwamba alama hizo ziliamanisha tarakimu. Ilitambulikana wazi kama kwa nyakati za historia, hesabu huandikwa kwa alama. Tangu hapo, bwana de Heinzelin alitafuta kupata kitu chenye kuweza kulinganishwa na hesabu, ambacho uweza kupatikana kati ya tarakimu hizo, pia kutambua uhusiano pamoja na mafunzo ya hesabu yenye kuendelea zaidi na isiyo julikana hadi sasa, hata kwa wakati wa zamani.
Hii ni mafikiri ya bwana Jean de Heinzelin aliyoandika katika kitabu chake mnamo mwaka 1957 kuhusu kituo cha Ishango.

Nguzo la kati
Nguzo hilo laonyesha tarakimu moja ikijumlishwa mara mbili ; kama vile tatu na sita ; inne na mnane ; tano na kumi. Kwa hiyo, kuna tarakimu mbili zisizo fasiriwa ; yaani tano na saba.

Nguzo la kuume
Kwa upande huu, tarakimu zina uhusiano na tarakimu kumi, iliyo msinji unaojulikana vizuri.
Kwa hiyo tuseme hivi :

• Kumi na moja ; inaamanisaha kumi kuongeza moja : 11 = 10 + 1
• Makumi mbili na moja ; inaamanisha makumi mbili kuongeza : 21 = 20 + 1
• Moja : Kumi na kenda ; inaamanisha makumi mbili kutosha moja : 19 = 20 - 1
• Kenda ; inaamanisha kumi kutosha moja : 9 = 10 - 1

Nguzo la kushoto
Wakaaji wa Ishango walitambua tarakimu hizo za kwanza yaani kumi na moja, kumi na tatu, kumi na saba, pia saba na kumi na kenda. Ndizo tarakimu za kwanza zenye kupatikana kati ya kumi na makumi mbili. Tarakimu la kwanza ni lenye kugawanywa peke yake.

Watafiti wengine walijiusisha na mafasirio ya sehemu hizo.
Wataalamu wa hesabu ; kama vile Dirk Huylerbrouck na Vladmir Pletser walichukua mawazo yenye bwana Jean de Heinzelin aliotoa hapo mwanzo na kutengeneza fimbo kama vile kanuni kwa kufanya hesabu, kulingana na misinji ya tarakimu tatu na inne, na kwa kuelekea juu zaidi, kupata msinji wa tarakimu kumi na mbili, yaani tatu mara inne (kujumlisha). Kwa upande ungine, wanatambua kama hakuna hakikisho kamili kuhusu ujuzi wa tarakimu hizo za kwanza.

Kwa upande wake, bwana Alexande Marshack, aliye mtaalamu wa mafunzo ya historia kwenye chuo kikuu cha Harvard, anafikiria pia namna ya kuandika tarakimu, ila kwa uhusiano na mwendo wa mwezi.

Bwana Olivier Keller, aliye pia mtaalamu wa mafunzo ya hesabu, anaharifu kuhusu hatari ya kizazi cha sasa kutazama tarakimu mahali kote. Kwake yeye, tabia hiyo inaweza kumzuwia mtaalamu yeyote kutambua alama zingine zenye kupatikana katika vitu vingine ; kama vile : mfupa, jiwe, ao vyombo vya usanii vyenye kustahili kutiwa pia mkazo.

Jambo lenye kustusha ? Tukumbuka kama jambo hilo linaeneza sasa miaka elfu makumi mbili na tano…

Ikiwa siku moja mawazo kuhusu mafunzo ya hesabu inahakikishwa, itaamanisha kama watu wa wakati wa kale ; yaani «paléolithique» walikuwa na ujuzi wa hali ya juu kuhusu mafunzo ya hesabu.

Kwa hiyo, maulizo mengi yataulizwa. Walitumia vyombo hivyo kwa nia gani ? Kwa nini waliweka alama/misinji mingi ya hesabu ? Waliweza kugawa ujuzi huo kwa watu wote ? mafunzo hayo inayo faida kwa wavuvi ?

Kwa siku hizi za leo, kituo cha Ishango hakikuweza kutoa siri yake yote. Kwa upande ungine, ndani ya bonde la Semliki, upatikana pia vituo vingine vya mafunzo ya historia. Jimbo hilo la Afrika iliweza kuwapokea watu wa aina «Homo sapiens sapiens» tangu yapata myaka elfu mia moja.

Hadi sasa, tunakosa vifaa vingi kwa kufamu vizuri hali ya maisha pia mawazo ya wakaaji wa Ishango. Kwa hiyo, siku moja, itawaomba wataamalu wa arkelojia kurudi upande wa ziwa Edouard kwa kukamilisha kazi walio anza tangu mwaka 1950.

Tunayo matumaini kama kuna vifaa vya lazima vyenye kufichwa hadi sasa.

Kazi hii imetayarishwa na « Association pour la Diffusion de l’Information Archéologique » ;
Institut Royal des Sciences Naturelles de Belgique

• Traduit par Augustin NDIMUBANZI BAZIRAKE domicilié à GOMA-RDC - Directeur en charge du Développement du Registre Numérique des citoyens des villes du Nord-Kivu-Licencié en Développement Rural, option : Environnement et Développement durable, Gradué en Pédagogie Appliquée, option : Français et Linguistique Africaine - CEO de la Fondation ISHANGO MILELE en RDC - traduction supervisée par MWANA SOLEIL A.S.B.L.

ISHANGO
MOKUWA YA ISHANGO, OYO ETIKALI NA MAKANISI MA BISO EZALI NINI ?

Okati ya bamilioni ya biloko biye bimonanaki o ngambo ya ISHAANGO wapi epayi lisanga liye likambamaki na Jean de Heinzelin, bango penza batiaki maboko o’ mosala ya boluki-luki.
Bosengeli koyeba ete moko ya mokuwa ebendaki bokebi ba bato, pe moponamaki lokola mokuwa ya yambo, yango nde ezuaki esika ya likolo o’ kati ya baluki banso ya mongo ya Afrika.

Na yango boyeba ete bato ba mayele bazuaki mokano ya kobenga yango ‘’mokuwa motuya ya Ishango’’ too pe ‘’lingenda ya Ishango’’. Nzoka nde mokuwa mona mozali bisalelo moye mosalami na nsonge kolandisama na bilembo mya ndenge mamonamaki o'kati ya mokuwa.

Nde mama na likambo lisali ete biloko bisusu bya motuya mpe bisalelo bya tango ya kala mobombama pe bibatelama lolenge ya malamu. Na yango batalisi ete biloko bina bizali penza mingi te na mikolo miye.

Epayi esusu, bosengeli koyeba ete o’kati ya mokuwa mona moponamaki, moko na yango mozali penza malamu, pe mosalisi na kosunga misala mya ndenge na ndenge ; mingi penza kobatela loposo, kolongola bokono bisusu biye bitungisaka bomoyi bua biso.

O’ ngambo ya bato ba mayele, balakisi biso lolenge mokuwa ya manzaka Mona bakataki yango pe balongolaki biloko bisusu po te ngambo moko mopolaki, nde epesaki nzela na boluki kolongola yango, nde ebongisi penza polele elongi na yango ya kala oyo o’tango eena ebandaka penza bokebi bya bato, po te mizalaki penza nyama moye momeka mabele.

Tosengeli kopusa makanisi pe koyeba?
Moko ya mokuwa too pe manzaka mosali ete moyebana makasi, po te lolenge mobongisami nde epusi lisusu mituna pona kopesa ndimbola.

Na yango mokoki kozala mokuwa miye mizali na bilembo ma motango na nkama moko na ntuku motoba na muambe, nde esimbami na bandelo miye mikabolami na biteni misato ya nzete.

Balakisi biso te
Jean De Heinzelin akendeki kotalisa misala miye misalamaki elongo na bato bazalaki o’lisanga mya ye. Nzoka nde kolandisama na makanisi ma bato bayike mosalamaka mbala mingi na tango ya kala. Na yango penza batalisaki lolenge kani ya kotanga mambi matali motuya ya makambo matali bilembo ya ba mikuwa.

Na yango De Heinzelin alukaki mikanda ya boyebi kotanga ndakisa koyeba kobakisa motango pe kolongola mitano. Nde mama na likambo lisali na bozindo ya makanisi. Ba sosolisi biso été o’eleko ena moyebana te o mayele ma bato.

Na mobu koto lyoko na kama libua na tuku mitano na sambo, Jean de Heinzelin atalisaki lisusu na molongo mobimba makanisi maye na nzela na boluki ya Ishango.

Moboko ya kati.
O’katina mambi mya mitango batalisi biso lolenge ya kobakisa misato, pe motoba, mineyi na
muambe, mitano pe zomi ; epayi esusu batalisi ete kaka mikuwa mabale nde elimbolami te.
Tozali na mokuwa wa mitano pe ya sambo.

Moboko ya loboko ya mobali.
Yango etalisi motango miye mizali kosangisa motango ya zomi. Nde ezali evandelo monene o
nzela ya masini too pe o nzela ya singa. Liye liyebani nde tokozua ndakisa zomi na libua =
ewuti na tuku mibale kolongola moko.

• 11 = 10 + 1
• 21 = 20 + 1
• 19 = 20 – 1
• 9 = 10 - 1

Moboko ya loboko ya muasi.
Baye Ishango bayebaki mitango ya yambo, pamba te zomi na moko (11), zomi na misato
(13), zomi na sambo (17) pe zomi na libua (19) bizali mitango mua yambo miye mizali o katikati
ya zomi (10) pe tuku mibale (20). Motango liboso ezali motango oyo ekabuanaka kaka
na motango lyoko (1) na pe ye moko kaka.

Baluki-luki basusu bamipesi mingi penza na mosala ya bobongoli ba misala bia malamu.
Nzoka nde bato ba mayele o’kati na bango, DIRK HUYLEBROUCK pe VLADIMIR PLETSER, bazali bato
ya yambo bapesaki makanisi ya kokoma motango. Na yango Jean de Heinzelin na bango
basalaki été bazua nzete lokola mokuwa to pe nkoni ya moke. Yango nde ekosunga koyekola,
pe ekopesa nzela ya bolongoli nde ekosala été mobutisa bivandelo ya makanisi, ndakisa
misato pe mineyi.

Alexander Marschack, moko ya baluki-luki ya biloko bya kala ya eteyelo ya likolo ya Harvard,
ye penza atalisaki makanisi maye na mambi matali bokomi bya mitango, pe kotia bondeko
o’kati ya manaka ya molongo.

Na yango, Olivier Keller, moko ya bato ya mayele na bolongoli pe bobakisi mitango, ye PE
lokola akebisaki baye banso bakotelemela mambi matali ntombuamba ya ntoki na biso.

Na yango bato ya mayele bamipesaki na koluka kosalisa naye matali kolongola moko ya
biteni ya mikuwa too pe mabanga pona kotika bilembo na nzoto. Baye bayebi penza mosala
ya matematiki, kolongola to pe kobakisa.

Epayi esusu, Dirk Huylebrouck na Vladimir Pletser bazongelaki makanisi ya Jean de Heinzelin ; pe basali kolandela ba nzete lokola to pe lolenge ya koyeba kotanga. Manso mazali kolandisama
kobanda molongo ya misato pe ya mineyi, pe kokotisa yango na kotalela zomi na libale.

Na yango bazali kokanisa lolenge kani bakoki koluka kavandisa makanisi na maye matali
mabongisi ma yambo.

Alexander Marschack, moko ya baluki biloko ya kala o’mabele, motangisi na eteyelo ya likolo
ya Harvard, ye pe lokola apesaki makanisi maye lolenge ya kopesa motango ya kosangisa
manaka on nzela ya mokili mobimba.

Olivier Keller, moko ya balakisi ya mambi matali matematiki, ye pe lokola, akebisaki bizaleli
manso mizali kotelemela ntoki na biso na mikolo miye manso mana mazali se po na komona
motango bisika banso eye mozali kopekisa bato baye bakomona pe bakoyamba bilembo
bisusu. Nzoka nde bilembo bina bikotiama na mikanda mya ndenge na ndenge. Ndakisa,
mokuwa, mabanga, bikeko pe biloko bisusu.

Tomituni soki solo tozali kokanisa biloko bina bizali motango ya milioni mibale na mitano ?
Nde etalisi te bato ba mayele baye bazua mokumba ya kolongola pe kobakisa, to pe bayi
matematiki, nde bazali na boyebi makasi na mambi matali manso matali motango.

Lokola mambi boyebi mosi mokili mosika o’nteyi ya molongo mobimba. Mituna mingi
mosopani ya koloba lolenge kani kosalela yango ? Pona nini ? Kosangisa mambi ma bolongoli
to pe kobakisa mingi (calcul), yango nde bizali boyebi po na bokaboli na batu banso ? Yango
nde mozali motuya po na baye bazangi boyebi ?

Na yango na mikolo miye, mabele ya Ishango motalisi été mabombelo bisusu molobaki te,
basali bongo kobomba yango po bayebi nini penza ya motuya mizalaka o’eleko ena.

Se na yango, esanga ya Semliki evandi malamu o’kati ya mabele bisusu bia tango ya kala.
Nzoka nde etando ena ya Afrika bozalaki na bato bayike baye babibiangamaki ba HOMO
SAPIENS nkama milioni o’eleko ena ya kala.

Na yango, totalisi bino na polele ete tozali kozanga bilembo biyike oyo mokalakisa biso
lolenge kani bato baana bazalaki kobika, pe makanisi ma bato baana ba Ishangiens mozali
Na yango, mikolo moko too pe na mikolo mikoya, esengeli na biso kotinda lisusu baluki-luki
ya mabele ya makambo ya kala, bakende kuna o’ngambo ya mayi monene ya laki Édouard
pona kobakisa maye mazangi. Bosengeli koyeba ete misala mina bya boluki mibandaka na
libua ya nkoto yoko na nkama libua na tuku mitano (1950). Nde totalisi soolo biloko to pe
bilembo bisusu bya motuya mibombani kuna.

Esungami : na lisanga ya baye batalisaka o’nzela ya bilili pe sango ya baluki-luki ya mabele
o’tango kala (na bokuse ADIA), kuna na eteyelo ya likolo oyo ya SCIENCES NATURELLES
o’mboka Belgique.

• Traduit par Mme MAYINDU LUSAKUENO Malou-Fidélise, Licenciée en animation culturelle,
  journaliste à la RTNC2 (Radio Télévision Nationale Congolaise), productrice et présentatrice de l’émission ART, CULTURE ET DÉVELOPPEMENT sous la supervision de MWANA SOLEIL a.s.b.l.